The following data file accompanies Ong, Goodman, & Zaki, which is in press at Emotion. It contains all the code needed to reproduce the analyses reported in the paper.

Introduction

Top: Figure 1 in paper.
Predictions. On the vertical axis are attributions of happiness following an outcome, and on the horizontal axes are how “good” or “bad” the outcome is. Overall, happiness attributions should increase with the “goodness” of the outcome. Predictions for attributions to oneself are given in solid lines, while attributions to others are given in dashed lines. (a) Predictions from a simple “happier than average” bias that is context-independent. (b) Predictions from an “increased sensitivity” account: attributions to others are more sensitive to changes in the outcome. (c) Combining both (a) and (b).

Study 1

Top: Figure 3 in paper.
Participants’ attributions of happiness and disappointment to themselves (in red) and others (blue) as a function of PE. Data points are jittered for visibility, with best linear fits overlaid.

Study 1 Results

Emotion Simple Effect
b [95% CI]
t
p		 Reward Sensitivity (Interaction)
b [95% CI]
t
p		 marginal R^2 conditional R^2
Happy -0.307 [-0.596, -0.018] -2.085 0.038 0.015 [0.011, 0.019] 7.066 0.000 0.534 0.762
Content 0.260 [-0.216, 0.736] 1.069 0.286 0.016 [0.010, 0.021] 5.753 0.000 0.310 0.694
             
Positive Composite -0.024 [-0.355, 0.306] -0.145 0.885 0.015 [0.011, 0.019] 7.310 0.000 0.477 0.756
                 
                 
Sad 0.643 [0.336, 0.949] 4.110 0.000 -0.024 [-0.028, -0.019] -10.469 0.000 0.319 0.629
Anger 0.511 [0.221, 0.801] 3.457 0.001 -0.019 [-0.023, -0.016] -10.588 0.000 0.161 0.577
Disgust 0.446 [0.190, 0.703] 3.407 0.001 -0.016 [-0.020, -0.012] -8.045 0.000 0.168 0.507
Disappointment 0.877 [0.559, 1.195] 5.402 0.000 -0.025 [-0.030, -0.020] -9.652 0.000 0.471 0.691
                 
Negative Composite 0.620 [0.367, 0.873] 4.803 0.000 -0.021 [-0.024, -0.018] -12.389 0.000 0.378 0.693
                 
Surprise 0.748 [0.323, 1.173] 3.446 0.001 -0.005 [-0.011, 0.001] -1.507 0.133 0.171 0.563
Fear 0.033 [-0.159, 0.225] 0.334 0.739 -0.001 [-0.003, 0.000] -1.628 0.105 0.005 0.631

Top: Table 1 in paper.
Study 1 results. Each row indicates the results of one model predicting one emotion (or emotion composite). Left: Coefficients on the simple effect of condition (i.e. the contrast Other-Self at PE=0) in the mixed models. Right: Reward sensitivity, or the coefficient on the ConditionPE interaction term in the mixed models. (n.s. not significant, p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001) Marginal and Conditional R^2 are reported, after Nakagawa and Schielzeth (2013)

Top (not in paper): Graph of coefficients of individual emotions for Study 1. (Basically a graphical representation of the coefficients in Table 1). Error bars represent 95% CIs.

Top (not in paper): Similar graph, but only for the positive/engative emotion composites. Error bars are 95% CIs.

Study 2

Top (not in paper): correlation plots of the manipulation checks with our manipualted socialDistance variable. iOS: Inclusion of Self in Other Scale. Others: Similarity, Liking, Empathy. See paper for details.

Top (not in paper): scatterplot of the manipulation checks against our manipualted socialDistance variable.

The manipulation checks confirmed that the psychological distance manipulation had the intended effect on participants’ subjective psychological distance to the target. The manipulated psychological distance was negatively correlated with participants’ ratings on the IOS (r=-0.5971799; t(236)=-11.4374363, p<.0001), similarity judgments (r=-0.7644347; t(236)=-18.2153689, p<.0001), liking judgments (r=-0.4577586; t(236)=-7.9095785, p<.0001), and empathy ratings with the target (r=-0.464729; t(236)=-8.0628809, p<.0001).

Study 2 Regression Results

Emotion Simple Effect
b [95% CI]
t
p		 Reward Sensitivity (Interaction)
b [95% CI]
t
p		 marginal R^2 conditional R^2
Happy -0.023 [-0.064, 0.018] -1.1 0.273 0.001 [0, 0.002] 3.31 0.001 0.586 0.790
Content -0.025 [-0.1, 0.05] -0.653 0.514 0.001 [0, 0.002] 2.56 0.011 0.271 0.642
                 
Positive Composite -0.024 [-0.073, 0.025] -0.945 0.346 0.001 [0, 0.002] 3.35 0.001 0.493 0.756
                 
                 
Sad 0.051 [0.001, 0.1] 2.01 0.046 -0.001 [-0.002, 0] -3.04 0.003 0.341 0.654
Anger 0.075 [0.023, 0.128] 2.81 0.006 -0.002 [-0.002, -0.001] -5.26 0 0.209 0.612
Disgust 0.048 [-0.003, 0.099] 1.84 0.067 -0.001 [-0.001, 0] -1.98 0.049 0.185 0.590
Disappointment 0.046 [-0.007, 0.099] 1.7 0.091 -0.001 [-0.002, 0] -2.66 0.009 0.474 0.696
                 
Negative Composite 0.055 [0.009, 0.101] 2.33 0.021 -0.001 [-0.002, -0.001] -3.9 0 0.377 0.709
                 
                 
Surprise 0.08 [0.015, 0.145] 2.42 0.017 -0.001 [-0.002, 0] -1.85 0.065 0.163 0.559
Fear 0.042 [0.003, 0.082] 2.09 0.038 0 [-0.001, 0] -0.324 0.747 0.033 0.544

Top (not in paper): Graph of coefficients of individual emotions for Study 2. Error bars represent 95% CIs.

Top (Figure 4 in paper):
Study 2 results: Left: Simple effect (i.e., the effect of social distance at PE=0). Right: Reward sensitivity across social distance (i.e., interaction of social distance with PE). Error bars represent 95% Confidence Intervals.

Study 3

Top (not in paper): Graph of coefficients of individual emotions for Study 3. Error bars represent 95% CIs.

Top (Figure 5 in paper):
Study 3 results: Left: Simple effect by distance (i.e., the effect of the distance manipulations at PE=0). Right: Reward sensitivity across psychological distance (i.e., the interactions of the two distance manipulations with PE). Error bars represent 95% Confidence Intervals.

Emotion Three way interaction
b [95% CI]
t
p		 marginal R^2 conditional R^2
Happy -0.009 [-0.015, -0.002] -2.57 0.011 0.473 0.714
Content -0.009 [-0.018, -0.001] -2.17 0.031 0.199 0.590
           
Positive Composite -0.009 [-0.015, -0.003] -2.75 0.007 0.390 0.689
           
           
Sad 0.01 [0.003, 0.017] 2.97 0.003 0.275 0.586
Anger 0.002 [-0.004, 0.008] 0.703 0.483 0.167 0.551
Disgust -0.004 [-0.009, 0.002] -1.3 0.195 0.152 0.528
Disappointment 0.011 [0.003, 0.018] 2.73 0.007 0.398 0.635
           
Negative Composite 0.005 [0, 0.01] 1.78 0.077 0.322 0.641
           
           
Surprise -0.001 [-0.009, 0.008] -0.138 0.89 0.167 0.545
Fear 0 [-0.003, 0.004] 0.134 0.893 0.026 0.537

Top (not in paper): Additional Data on 3 way (PE x social x temporal) interaction in Study 3.

Supplemental Materials

Emotion Simple Effect of SOCIAL DISTANCE
b [95% CI]
t
p		 Reward Sensitivity (Interaction) of SOCIAL DISTANCE
b [95% CI]
t
p		 Simple Effect of TEMPORAL DISTANCE
b [95% CI]
t
p		 Reward Sensitivity (Interaction) of TEMPORAL DISTANCE
b [95% CI]
t
p
Happy -0.063 [-0.33, 0.204] -0.463 0.644 0.012 [0.007, 0.017] 5.17 0 -0.168 [-0.447, 0.11] -1.18 0.238 0.006 [0.001, 0.01] 2.4 0.018
Content -0.443 [-0.845, -0.041] -2.16 0.032 0.008 [0.002, 0.014] 2.54 0.012 -0.501 [-0.928, -0.074] -2.3 0.023 0.001 [-0.005, 0.007] 0.467 0.641
                         
Positive Composite -0.227 [-0.514, 0.059] -1.55 0.122 0.01 [0.005, 0.014] 4.34 0 -0.329 [-0.632, -0.026] -2.13 0.034 0.003 [-0.001, 0.008] 1.52 0.131
                         
                         
Sad 0.772 [0.499, 1.04] 5.54 0 -0.018 [-0.023, -0.013] -7.37 0 0.611 [0.326, 0.897] 4.2 0 -0.015 [-0.02, -0.01] -6.32 0
Anger 0.615 [0.354, 0.876] 4.62 0 -0.015 [-0.019, -0.011] -7.05 0 0.4 [0.124, 0.675] 2.85 0.005 -0.009 [-0.013, -0.005] -4.14 0
Disgust 0.43 [0.182, 0.679] 3.4 0.001 -0.011 [-0.015, -0.007] -5.42 0 0.122 [-0.139, 0.384] 0.917 0.36 -0.003 [-0.007, 0.001] -1.7 0.092
Disappointment 0.849 [0.545, 1.15] 5.49 0 -0.021 [-0.026, -0.016] -7.6 0 0.54 [0.224, 0.855] 3.35 0.001 -0.006 [-0.012, -0.001] -2.26 0.025
                         
Negative Composite 0.655 [0.425, 0.885] 5.58 0 -0.016 [-0.02, -0.012] -8.49 0 0.426 [0.183, 0.668] 3.44 0.001 -0.008 [-0.012, -0.005] -4.44 0
                         
                         
Surprise 0.699 [0.351, 1.05] 3.94 0 -0.004 [-0.01, 0.002] -1.44 0.151 0.416 [0.052, 0.78] 2.24 0.026 -0.004 [-0.009, 0.002] -1.24 0.218
Fear 0.217 [0.049, 0.384] 2.54 0.012 -0.005 [-0.007, -0.002] -4 0 0.14 [-0.039, 0.319] 1.53 0.128 -0.004 [-0.006, -0.001] -2.96 0.003

Top: Table S1 in the Supplemental Materials. Table of regression coefficients, with p-values in parentheses. We have presented the table to facilitate comparison across studies and emotions: The top half of the table contains the coefficients for the simple effect of distance (at PE=0). The bottom half of the table contains the coefficients for reward sensitivity across psychological distance (interaction of distance with PE). The contrasts are always in a direction taking the Self (Now) as a reference point; hence the coefficients should be interpreted as the effect of increasing distance. The three-way interactions for Study 3 are omitted for clarity. (* p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001)